Světově jedinečnou možnost spatřit zmiji pavoučí mají od letošního února návštěvníci v plzeňské zoologické zahradě . Tento endemický druh má dokonale raritně přizpůsobený konec ocasu pro nalákání své kořisti
Endemitní zmije pavoučí (Pseudocerastes urarachnoides) se vyskytuje pouze v pohoří Zagros v Íránu a Iráku. Je dokonale přizpůsobena svému biotopu a díky barvě okolních skal a kamenů, které jsou převážného složení ze sádrovce a vápence, dokonale splývá s podložím. Obtížně se proto vyhledává a pozoruje. Popsána byla až v roce 2006.
První holotyp byl sice vzorek z chicagského Fieldova přírodovědného muzea a pocházel již z roku 1968, ale ten byl původně mylně identifikován jako zmije perská (Pseudocerastes persicus), s níž sdílel množství morfologických charakteristik. Zvláštní výrůstek na ocasu byl v tomto případě přisuzován možné genetické anomálii, nádorovému onemocnění či napadení nějakým druhem parazita, a vzorku tedy nebyla po desetiletí věnována náležitá pozornost. Objev dalšího jedince se stejným typem ocasu se datuje až na začátek 21. století však vedl v roce 2006 k popsání samostatného druhu zmije pavoučí (Pseudocerastes urarachnoides). Do společného rodu patří již zmíněná zmije perská a ještě zmije sinajská.
Největší pozoruhodností je konec jejího ocasu. Ten vypadá jako pavouk nebo solifuga (tělo i nohy) a jím zmije láká a oklame svou hlavní kořist, kterými jsou ptáci. Pomalé pohyby tohoto falešného pavouka zmije provádí nedaleko své hlavy. Německý název by se dal přeložit jako zmije »pavoukoocasá« a latinský název zmije s ocasem podobným pavoukovi.
Podobnou taktiku a přizpůsobení konce svého ocasu mají ještě jiné druhy hadů, ale tato zmije ji dovedla k dokonalosti.
Zoo Plzeň získala pár těchto zmijí v roce 2021 a připravila pro ně nové prostorné biotopové terárium v expozici Království jedu, které začalo veřejnosti oficiálně sloužit v letošním únoru. V současnosti je nechová žádná jiná zoo na světě.
(pr)
FOTO – Zoo Plzeň, wikipedia.org/CC0 1.0/Omid Mozaffari
VIDEO – wikipedia.org/CC BY 4.0/ Fathinia, Behzad; Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah; Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar; Toodeh-Dehghan, Fatemeh; Amiri, Fathollah.
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